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Oil Paintings
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Albrecht Durer
b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since. |
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Albrecht Durer
Knight, Death and the Devil
1513 Engraving, 245 x 188 mm Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe During 1513 and 1514 D?rer created the greatest of his copperplate engravings: the Knight, St Jerome in His Study, and Melencolia I - all of approximately the same size. The extensive, complex, and often contradictory literature concerning these three engravings deals largely with their enigmatic, allusive, iconographic details. Although repeatedly contested, it probably must be accepted that the engravings were intended to be interpreted together. There is general agreement, however, that D?rer, in these three master engravings, wished to raise his artistic intensity to the highest level, which he succeeded in doing. Finished form and richness of conception and mood merge into a whole of classical perfection. Knight, Death and the Devil, also known as The Rider, represents an allegory on Christian salvation. Unflustered either by Death who is standing in front of him with his hour-glass, or by the Devil behind him, an armoured knight is riding along a narrow defile, accompanied by his loyal hound. This represents the steady route of the faithful, through all of life's injustice, to God who is symbolized by the castle in the background. The dog symbolizes faith, and the lizard religious zeal. The horse and rider, like other preliminary studies made by D?rer, are derived from the canon of proportions drawn up by Leonardo da Vinci.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Knight, Death and the Devil Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : mythological
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Albrecht Durer
Peasant Couple Dancing
118 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York In spite of the elephantine stamping of their feet, the impression and the form are magnificent. The peasants are not shown sneeringly as earlier, but as a character study.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Peasant Couple Dancing Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : genre
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Albrecht Durer
The Bagpiper
1514 Engraving, 115 x 74 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This is one of the best finished works of the artist. Like the Peasant Couple Dancing, the figure is depicted without any background or indication of the festivity for which he is playing.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Bagpiper Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : genre
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Albrecht Durer
St Jerome in his Study
1514 Engraving, 259 x 201 mm Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe St Jerome in his Study is stressing the contemplative rather than the active aspect of Christian life. The engraving shows the translator of the Bible deep in thought at his lectern, with the figure of the saint illuminated by sunlight streaming through the window panes into the cosy room. In front of St Jerome are the resting figures of his faithful lion and dog. A skull on the windowsill and an hourglass above the saint are reminders of the transience of life. The astonishing advance in D?rer's printmaking technique is evident when this engraving is compared with his early woodcut of the same subject. D?rer, according to the diary of his trip to the Netherlands during 1521-21, sold or gave away copies of this print more frequently than any of his others. It has been repeatedly asserted that this engraving was to be part of a projected series representing the four human temperaments. Only two others have been so far identified, Melencolia I, and Knight, Death and Devil. Although they correspond in size, D?rer never gave away all three as a set. Occasionally he gave away St Jerome and Melencolia I as a pair. In the last of the three master engravings, D?rer placed particular emphasis on the subtle differentiation of the material qualities of the objects, and the depiction of the interior according to the laws of central perspective, the converging lines of which terminate in the space to the right of the figure of the saint. The design is based on an exact plan of perspective. A certain degree of distortion is due to the fact that the vanishing point is placed close to the margin instead of the centre. This is a peculiarity that can be observed in other works by D?rer.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Jerome in his Study Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna by the Wall
1514 Engraving, 149 x 101 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Critics call this the most perfect and rare of all of D?rer's engravings, assigning to it a special place among all of D?rer's plates. It is transitional from the technique of deep black lines to a more even-tempered, silvery mat texture. Its mood is almost tragic, akin to that of Melencolia I, perhaps because of the death of D?rer's mother, which occurred on May 14, 1514. Whereas the Madonna with the Monkey is pure black and white, the Madonna by the Wall shows a unique variety of texture resulting in a colouristic effect. The Madonna by the Wall represents a perfect coincidence of apparent opposites. Regal, virginal, yet humble and motherly. Its utmost precision of design is combined with incomparable softness of texture. The Infant Christ is here holding an apple (compare Madonna by the Tree). In the background appears the castle of Nuremberg, which D?rer could see from the windows of his house.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna by the Wall Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna and Child on a Stone Bench
1520 Pen drawing, 135 x 87 mm Pushkin Museum, Moscow This pen drawing is a preliminary study of the group of figures in an engraving, and while it shows the Madonna with her hair down, the babe in arms and folds of her garments are already very similarly depicted. The background landscape shown in the copper engraving is still omitted here.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna and Child on a Stone Bench Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
Christ Crowned with Thorns
1512 Engraving, 118 x 74 mm Art Museum, Princeton Sheet No. 7 of the Engraved Passion. Christ is shown in profile, yet quite differently from the woodcut versions of this subject. This is richer and more picturesque. Nevertheless, greater clarity is not quite achieved. The similarity of the spatial arrangement to the Flagellation can be observed. Pilate is seen in the background, standing next to Caiaphas. The bald bearded man is reminiscent of Italian model heads.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Christ Crowned with Thorns (No. 7) Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Walrus
1521 Pen drawing with watercolours, 206 x 315 mm British Museum, London Throughout his life, D?rer was interested in oddities of nature. The walrus has pushed the front half of his body into the picture and is looking at the observer with his peculiarly glassy gaze; this has led to the suggestion that D?rer created the study from a chopped off walrus head or stuffed animal, and completed the rest from his imagination. The study was to be used as a detail in the altar painting of an enthroned Madonna and Child surrounded by eight saints and angels playing instruments, but this work was never produced. At the top left D?rer wrote: "Das dozig thyr van dem ich do das hawbt conterfett hab, ist gefange worden in der niderlendischen see und was XII ellen brawendisch mit f?r f?ssen" (The animal which I have drawn this picture of was captured in the Dutch Sea and was twelve cubits in size with four feet).Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Walrus Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna Crowned by Two Angels
1518 Engraving, 148 x 100 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This is one of only two engravings of the period between 1514 and 1519. The Virgin is crowned with a wreath of roses and is holding an apple. In spite of its admirable style, it lacks warmth compared to earlier versions. The background is no longer picturesque but rather dry in its reality. D?rer made use of a much older preparatory study, originally sketched for the Heller Altarpiece, for the drapery of this engraving.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna Crowned by Two Angels Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg
The Small Cardinal 1519 Engraving, 148 x 97 mm Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe This engraving is one of six copper plate portraits of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, one of the most influential representatives of the empire. This portrait is based on a preparatory drawing which presumably dates from the time of D?rer's stay at Augsburg during the Imperial Diet of 1518. In a letter to Georg Spalatin, an adviser of Frederick the Wise, D?rer reports the circumstances: "I am enclosing three prints of an engraving for my gracious lord. It was engraved upon the request of my gracious lord of Mainz. I sent the copper plate to him together with two hundred impressions as a present. He then sent me most kindly two hundred gold guilders in return and twenty ells of damask for a coat." The plate was used subsequently to illustrate the book Das Heiligtum zu Sachsen, Halle, 1524. The portrayed man is placed before a screen. His erect posture, diagonal line of sight out of the picture, the coat of arms and the two inscriptions all emphasize the official nature of the portrait. The inscription above the portrait reads: "Albrecht by Divine Mercy Presbyter Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, Titular of St. Chrysogonus, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, Primate Elector of the Empire, Administrator of Halberstadt, Margrave of Brandenburg." The legend on the bottom states: "Thus were his eyes, his cheeks, his features at the age of 29." Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg was born on June 28, 1490. He became Archbishop of Magdeburg in 1513, Archbishop of Mainz in 1514 and Cardinal in 1518. In 1514 Jacob Fugger of the wealthy trading house of Augsburg had advanced 21,000 ducats to Albrecht in order to secure for him the Archbishopric of Mainz, which entailed the electorship. The Pope authorized the sale of indulgences to reimburse the Fuggers, provided one half of the proceeds was turned over to the Papal treasury. An agent of the Fuggers subsequently traveled in the Cardinal's retinue in charge of the cashbox. It was Albrecht who appointed the Dominican Tetzel and thus indirectly caused Luther to post his 95 theses on the church doors at Wittenberg:.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg; or, The Small Cardinal Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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Albrecht Durer
St Anthony
96 x 143 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York D?rer recorded in his diary of the trip to the Low Countries, 1520/21, that he gave away St Anthony as a present on six occasions. It is one of the very few D?rer engravings in horizontal format. St Anthony (ca. 250-350 A.D.) was the first Christian monk. He lived in Egypt and loved poverty, piety and scholarship. The traditional rendering of this saint shows him in the desert beset by fantastic creatures, a scene which allows the freest reign to an artist's imagination. But D?rer chose to picture him in a melancholy mood, in a setting where the scenery dominates the composition. The background is a cityscape taken over from an entirely different subject, the drawing Pupila Augusta which D?rer had laid aside many years before. The composition is almost cubistic in concept. The contours of saint and scene correspond. During this year D?rer experimented with "cubistic" figures and faceted faces, which like St Anthony seem to have been put together block by block.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Anthony Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Antwerp Harbour
1520 Pen drawing, 213 x 283 mm Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna This drawing is from the artist's sketchbook of his trip to the Netherlands. The waterfront is seen from an elevation; the pictorial technique is lively and bold. The reduction in the size of the objects due to perspective, as seen in the ships, generates a vivid feeling of depth, all the more because the right foreground was never elaborated.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Antwerp Harbour Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : other
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Albrecht Durer
St Apollonia
1521 Chalk drawing on green primed paper, 414 x 288 mm Staatliche Museen, Berlin The chalk drawing was an individual study for a planned monumental Madonna with saints, of which six preliminary drawings exist. The figure of St Apollonia appears on two of these studies. The drawing depicts a moment of spiritualization: St Apollonia is portrayed as a young woman who appears to be imbued with inner concentration. She is portrayed in so individual a style that it is still disputed whether D?rer used a model or created an ideal figure from his imagination.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Apollonia Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : study
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Albrecht Durer
The Peasant and His Wife at the Market
116 x 73 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Like almost all engravings after 1514, it is devoid of any landscape in the background. Everything, even the chickens, is shown with an intensity.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: The Peasant and His Wife at the Market Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : genre
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna Nursing
115 x 73 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Michelangelesque monumentality and gloom here replace the Raphaelesque equilibrium of loveliness and solemnity of the Madonna Crowned by Two Angels. The group detaches itself from the solid background like sculpture projecting from a wall. The figure of the Virgin is composed of two block-like units, the lower one resembling an enormous cube. The emphasis is here shifted from linear values and dynamic movement to schematised volume.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna Nursing Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna Crowned by an Angel
1520 Engraving, 139 x 100 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York According to D?rer's diary he gave away this Virgin as a present on four occasions. It is not as decidedly in the new style, but nevertheless distinguished by the new accent on frontality, exemplified by the youthful, idealized head. A peculiar impression is created by the white face and the concentration of the light on the skirt. It seems almost as if the scene were illuminated by lightning - the wind-blown hair, the creeping clouds, the upswept drapery of the angel - and in these surroundings sits the Virgin, smiling even though empty of expression, quite serene and aristocratic, idealized in the style of ancient, mild beauty. It can be noted its abstract rigidity, exemplified by the stiffly erect posture and the angular drapery, in all of which it surpasses the Madonna Crowned by Two Angels.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna Crowned by an Angel Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Madonna with the Swaddled Infant 1520 Engraving
1520 Engraving, 144 x 97 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This late depiction of the Madonna and Child is almost genre-like. Only the halo indicates the holy nature of the group of figures. A human attitude is expressed in the loving way the mother is turning to her child, and this was intended to give the observer an emotional understanding of the Christian doctrine of salvation by encouraging "compassio," sympathy with the sufferings of Christ. D?rer recorded in his diary of the trip to the Low Countries that he gave away this print together with the Madonna Crowned by an Angel on four occasions (August 20, September 3, and late September 1520). Opinions of commentators vary greatly concerning this engraving. It could be noted that particularly great care was taken in the rendering of the hands of the Virgin and the head of Christ. The engraving is based or related to preliminary drawings.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Madonna with the Swaddled Infant Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
St Christopher Facing to the Right
1521 Engraving, 117 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This is the first engraving after D?rer's return from his long stay in the Netherlands. He had left on July 12, 1520, together with his wife and a maid, in order to appeal to the new Emperor, Charles V, to confirm his annuity. No engravings were executed during this trip. D?rer returned to Nuremberg toward the end of July 1521, having been greatly honoured, yet also a sick man suffering from malaria. This engraving is presumably based on one of the several drawings D?rer made at Antwerp for the Dutch landscape painter Joachim Patenier in May 1521. The hermit in the background is carrying a torch.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Christopher Facing to the Right Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
St Christopher Facing to the Left
1521 Engraving, 119 x 75 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York This engraving is obviously the later of the two versions of 1521. The meaning is here conveyed more poignantly, as the saint, instead of looking straight ahead, turns his head toward the Infant Christ. The hermit, in this case, is moved further into the background. This engraving is probably also based on the drawings prepared for Joachim Patenier. It can be noted in this connection that Patenier's painting at the Escorial shows a quite similar group, only in mirror image. Both engravings are based on the account of St Christopher in Passional oder der Heiligen Leben, Nuremberg, 1488, published by Anton Koberger, D?rer's godfather.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: St Christopher Facing to the Left Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : religious
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Albrecht Durer
Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg
1523 Engraving, 174 x 127 mm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York "Before I became ill this year I sent an engraved copper plate to Your Electoral Grace with your portrait together with five hundred impressions thereof. Finding no acknowledgment of this in Your Grace's letter, I fear that either the portrait did not please Your Grace - this would sadden me, as my diligence would have had poor results - or else, I fear that it may not have reached Your Grace at all. I beg Your Grace for a gracious reply." Thus we have in D?rer's own words the history of this engraving. The fact that D?rer sent five hundred copies to the Cardinal, all produced at the same time, explains the uniform quality of so many impressions found in various collections. All these have the identical watermark, a small jug. This engraving is based on a new preparatory drawing that probably dates from the Diet of Nuremberg, 1522/23. The Cardinal had gained weight since the earlier portrait (The Small Cardinal) he had wild, protruding eyes, a bulbous mouth and layers of fat on chin and cheeks. D?rer offset the predominant lower part of the face with a large cap. It suggests that beneath it a large impressive head is to be found. In actuality that was not the case. D?rer used utmost discretion in the treatment of the physiological details without denying the monstrous reality. It is D?rer's most interesting utilization of a profile. In contrast with the Small Cardinal, and in accordance with other late portrait engravings, this portrait has depth and substance. It is treated as a real tablet, carved and framed after the fashion of Roman tombstones, which were common in Germany, as in Italy and France.Artist:D?RER, Albrecht Title: Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg; or, the Great Cardinal Painted in 1501-1550 , German - - graphics : portrait
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| Albrecht Durer
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b.May 21, 1471, Imperial Free City of Nernberg [Germany]
d.April 6, 1528, Nernberg
Albrecht Durer (May 21, 1471 ?C April 6, 1528) was a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium. D??rer introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, have secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatise which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.
His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.
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